In the shadows of Latin America's bustling cities, a lesser-known but highly profitable criminal enterprise is thriving - sand trafficking. Criminal organizations have discovered that this seemingly abundant resource holds immense value in construction markets across the region.
Brazil's Sand Mafia
In Rio de Janeiro, the recent surrender of Luis Antonio da Silva Braga ("Zinho"), leader of the Bonde do Zinho militia, has exposed the scale of illegal sand operations. His organization extracted massive quantities of sand from Seropédica, just 50 kilometers from Rio's famous beaches, using industrial equipment and a network allegedly connected to state politicians.
The profits are substantial - militia groups controlling sand extraction in Seropédica can earn up to 100,000 reais (approximately $18,000) monthly. Beyond direct extraction, these criminal groups double their profits by monopolizing services in illegally constructed buildings made with their stolen sand.
Environmental Impact and Public Safety
The environmental toll is severe. In Rio de Janeiro, illegal extraction affects the Guandu River, threatening the water supply of 9 million residents. The practice has led to wildlife extinctions, altered waterways, and increased flooding risks across the region.
Colombia's Deadly Trade
Sand trafficking in Colombia has evolved into a dangerous enterprise with political connections. The Caribbean department of Magdalena has become a hotspot for illegal extraction. The industry's dark side emerged starkly in 2016 when journalist Rafael Moreno was murdered after exposing illegal sand operations linked to politically prominent families.
Mexico's Cross-Border Operations
Mexican sand trafficking groups potentially export their product to the United States, particularly targeting construction markets in border regions like San Diego. The involvement of legally registered companies, protected by corrupt local officials, makes enforcement particularly challenging.
Enforcement Challenges
Law enforcement faces a unique challenge: illegally extracted sand is visually identical to legal sand, making it nearly impossible to distinguish between legitimate and criminal operations. This difficulty, combined with limited oversight and the construction sector's constant demand, has made sand trafficking an attractive venture for criminal groups across Latin America.